Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, both in the general
population and among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In most cases, the …

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. However, the development of
preventative therapies for AF has been disappointing. The infiltration of immune cells and …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Pathophysiological similarities between
chronic infections and atherosclerosis triggered interest in a clinical association between …

PART I THE ENDOTHELIUM has long been viewed as an inert cellophane-like membrane
that lines the circulatory system with its primary essential function being the maintenance of …

Insights into the important contribution of inflammation and immune functions in the
development and progression of atherosclerosis have greatly improved our understanding …

How a cell responds to stress is a central problem in cardiovascular biology. Diverse
physiological stresses (eg, heat, hemodynamics, mutant proteins, and oxidative injury) …

The concept of focal infection or systemic disease arising from infection of the teeth was
generally accepted until the mid‐20th century when it was dismissed because of lack of …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease of the large and medium-
sized artery walls. The molecular mechanisms regulating the onset and progression of …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of large and medium-sized arteries
characterized by leukocyte accumulation in the vessel wall. Both innate and adaptive …

Although definitive proof of a causal role of infection contributing to atherogenesis is lacking,
multiple investigations have demonstrated that infectious agents evoke cellular and …