To contend with the diversity and ubiquity of bacteriophages and other mobile genetic
elements, bacteria have developed an arsenal of immune defence mechanisms. Bacterial …

CRISPR loci and Cas proteins provide adaptive immunity in prokaryotes against invading
bacteriophages and plasmids. In response, bacteriophages have evolved a broad spectrum …

Anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins are encoded by phages and other mobile genetic elements and
inhibit host CRISPR-Cas immunity using versatile strategies. AcrIIC4 is a broad-spectrum …

Anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins are encoded by many mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as
phages and plasmids to combat CRISPR–Cas adaptive immune systems employed by …

Phages and their bacterial hosts together constitute a vast and diverse ecosystem. Facing
the infection of phages, prokaryotes have evolved a wide range of antiviral mechanisms …

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 is a unique
genome editing tool that can be easily used in a wide range of applications, including …

PLEs (phage-inducible chromosomal island-like elements) are phage parasites integrated
into the chromosome of epidemic Vibrio cholerae. In response to infection by its viral host …

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas (CRISPR-
associated proteins) systems provide bacteria and archaea with an adaptive immune …

Mobile genetic elements such as phages and plasmids have evolved anti-CRISPR proteins
(Acrs) to suppress CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems. Recently, several phage and …

CRISPR-Cas effector complexes enable the defense against foreign nucleic acids and have
recently been exploited as molecular tools for precise genome editing at a target locus. To …