One leading hypothesis suggests that memories are stored in ensembles of neurons (or
'engram cells') and that successful recall involves reactivation of these ensembles. A logical …

Emotions are powerful determinants of behaviour, thought and experience, and they may be
regulated in various ways. Neuroimaging studies have implicated several brain regions in …

The science of emotion has been using folk psychology categories derived from philosophy
to search for the brain basis of emotion. The last two decades of neuroscience research …

Decades of research has identified the brain areas that are involved in fear, fear extinction,
anxiety and related defensive behaviours. Newly developed genetic and viral tools …

Learning the value of stimuli and actions from others—social learning—adaptively
contributes to individual survival and plays a key role in cultural evolution. We review …

This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Is the self already relational in its very bodily foundations? The question of whether our
mental life is initially and primarily shaped by embodied dimensions of the individual or by …

How sensory information is transformed by learning into adaptive behaviors is a
fundamental question in neuroscience. Studies of auditory fear conditioning have revealed …

Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons are proposed to signal reward prediction error (RPE), a
fundamental parameter in associative learning models. This RPE hypothesis provides a …

The descending projections from motor cortex share many features with top-down or
backward connections in visual cortex; for example, corticospinal projections originate in …