The influence of microorganisms growing as sessile communities in a large number of
human infections has been extensively studied and recognized for 30–40 years, therefore …

Over the past decade, the genus Aeromonas has undergone a number of significant
changes of practical importance to clinical microbiologists and scientists alike. In parallel …

The innate immune system is present in all animals and is a crucial first line of defence
against pathogens. However, animals also harbour large numbers of beneficial …

Beneficial associations with bacteria are widespread across animals, spanning a range of
symbiont localizations, transmission routes, and functions. While some of these associations …

Blood-sucking leeches have been used for medical purposes in humans for hundreds of
years. Accordingly, one of the most prominent species has been named Hirudo medicinalis …

The vast majority of bacterial species remain uncultured, and this severely limits the
investigation of their physiology, metabolic capabilities, and role in the environment. High …

The recent development and application of molecular genetics to the symbionts of
invertebrate animal species have advanced our knowledge of the biochemical …

Mutually beneficial interactions between microorganisms and animals are a conserved and
ubiquitous feature of biotic systems. In many instances animals, including humans, are …

Commensal intestinal bacteria can prevent pathogenic infection; however, limited
knowledge of the mechanisms by which individual bacterial species contribute to pathogen …

The zebrafish, Danio rerio, is a powerful model for studying bacterial colonization of the
vertebrate intestine, but the genes required by commensal bacteria to colonize the zebrafish …