A physiological level of oxygen/nitrogen free radicals and non-radical reactive species
(collectively known as ROS/RNS) is termed oxidative eustress or “good stress” and is …

Free radicals have acquired growing importance in the fields of biology and medicine. They
are produced during many different endogenous and exogenous processes. Mitochondria …

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions associated with the risk of diabetes mellitus
type 2 and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Metabolic syndrome is closely related to …

The NLRP3 inflammasome is linked to sterile and pathogen-dependent inflammation, and
its dysregulation underlies many chronic diseases. Mitochondria have been implicated as …

Degradation of mitochondria via a selective form of autophagy, named mitophagy, is a
fundamental mechanism conserved from yeast to humans that regulates mitochondrial …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are fundamental for macrophages to eliminate invasive
microorganisms. However, as observed in nonphagocytic cells, ROS play essential roles in …

The mitochondrial electron transport chain utilizes a series of electron transfer reactions to
generate cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. A consequence of electron …

Superoxide is a primary oxygen radical that is produced when an oxygen molecule receives
one electron. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays a primary role in the cellular defense …

Recent evidence supports the notion that mitochondrial metabolism is necessary for the
determination of stem cell fate. Historically, mitochondrial metabolism is linked to the …

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the development of heart failure. Oxidative
metabolism in mitochondria is the main energy source of the heart, and the inability to …