Pain is a complex phenomenon, involving sensory and emotional experience, that is often
poorly understood, especially in infants, anesthetized patients, and others who cannot …

Abstract Background and Objective: The automatic assessment of pain is vital in designing
optimal pain management interventions focused on reducing suffering and preventing the …

This work develops a thorough review of bioimpedance systems for healthcare applications.
The basis and fundamentals of bioimpedance measurements are described covering issues …

Although proper pain evaluation is mandatory for establishing the appropriate therapy, self‐
reported pain level assessment has several limitations. Data‐driven artificial intelligence (AI) …

Bedside caregivers assess infants' pain at constant intervals by observing specific
behavioral and physiological signs of pain. This standard has two main limitations. The first …

Traditional pain assessment approaches ranging from self-reporting methods, to
observational scales, rely on the ability of an individual to accurately assess and …

Pain is a significant public health problem as the number of individuals with a history of pain
globally keeps growing. In response, many synergistic research areas have been coming …

Automatic pain intensity assessment from physiological signals has become an appealing
approach, but it remains a largely unexplored research topic. Most studies have used …

The subjective nature of pain makes it a very challenging phenomenon to assess. Most of
the current pain assessment approaches rely on an individual's ability to recognise and …

Standard feature engineering involves manually designing measurable descriptors based
on some expert knowledge in the domain of application, followed by the selection of the best …