A number of challenges to the standard Λ CDM model have been emerging during the past
few years as the accuracy of cosmological observations improves. In this review we discuss …

Galaxy formation is at the heart of our understanding of cosmic evolution. Although there is a
consensus that galaxies emerged from the expanding matter background by gravitational …

Forthcoming observational facilities will make the exploration of the early universe routine,
likely probing large populations of galaxies at very low metallicities. It will therefore be …

The observable characteristics and subsequent evolution of young stellar populations is
dominated by their massive stars. As our understanding of those massive stars and the …

We study the formation of the first galaxies in overdense regions modelled by the
FORmation and EVolution of galaxies in Extremely overdense Regions motivated by SSA22 …

Faint Lyα emitters become increasingly rarer toward the reionization epoch (z∼ 6–7).
However, observations from a very large (∼ 5 deg 2) Lyα narrow-band survey at z= 6.6 …

We simulate the growth of a Population III stellar system, starting from cosmological initial
conditions at z= 100. We follow the formation of a minihalo and the subsequent collapse of …

By definition, Population III stars are metal-free, and their protostellar collapse is driven by
molecular hydrogen cooling in the gas phase, leading to large characteristic masses …

We review our current understanding of how the first galaxies formed at the end of the
cosmic dark ages a few 100 million years after the Big Bang. Modern large telescopes …

ABSTRACT Population III (Pop. III) binary stars likely produced the first stellar-born binary
black hole (BBH) mergers in the Universe. Here, we quantify the main sources of uncertainty …