BACKGROUND The idea that memory is stored as enduring changes in the brain dates
back at least to the time of Plato and Aristotle (circa 350 BCE), but its scientific articulation …

Emotions arise from activations of specialized neuronal populations in several parts of the
cerebral cortex, notably the anterior cingulate, insula, ventromedial prefrontal, and …

This narrative state-of-the-art review paper describes the progress in the understanding and
treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Over the last four decades, the scientific …

Research from recent decades has highlighted the distinction between excitatory and
inhibitory Pavlovian learning mechanisms. Based on this distinction, state-of-the-art …

Background Psychological treatments occupy an important place in evidence-based mental
health treatments. Now is an exciting time to fuel treatment research: a pressing demand for …

Various cognitive functions have long been known to require the hippocampus. Recently,
progress has been made in identifying the hippocampal neural activity patterns that …

The reactivation of a stored memory in the brain can make the memory transiently labile.
During the time it takes for the memory to restabilize (reconsolidate) the memory can either …

The amygdala has long been associated with emotion and motivation, playing an essential
part in processing both fearful and rewarding environmental stimuli. How can a single …

Conscious memory for a new experience is initially dependent on information stored in both
the hippocampus and neocortex. Systems consolidation is the process by which the …

Memory consolidation refers to the transformation over time of experience-dependent
internal representations and their neurobiological underpinnings. The process is assumed …