Microglia are mononuclear phagocytes of mesodermal origin that migrate to the central
nervous system (CNS) during the early stages of embryonic development. After colonizing …

Mounting evidence suggests that the gut microbiome impacts brain development and
function. Gut–brain connections may be mediated by an assortment of microbial molecules …

Background Recent research on the implications of gut microbiota on brain functions has
helped to gather important information on the relationship between them. Pathogenesis of …

Sex has a role in the incidence and outcome of neurological illnesses, also influencing the
response to treatments. Neuroinflammation is involved in the onset and progression of …

Microglia are resident cells of the brain that regulate brain development, maintenance of
neuronal networks, and injury repair. Microglia serve as brain macrophages but are distinct …

Abstract Social Signal Transduction Theory of Depression is a biologically plausible, multi-
level theory that describes neural, physiologic, molecular, and genomic mechanisms that …

Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are the two most common forms of neurodegenerative
diseases. The exact etiology of these disorders is not well known; however, environmental …

The female sex hormone estrogen has been ascribed potent neuroprotective properties. It
signals by binding and activating estrogen receptors that, depending on receptor subtype …

Increasing evidence suggests estrogen and estrogen signaling pathway disturbances
across psychiatric disorders. Estrogens are not only crucial in sexual maturation and …

Although classically known as an endocrine signal produced by the ovary, 17β-estradiol (E
2) is also a neurosteroid produced in neurons and astrocytes in the brain of many different …