ABSTRACT The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) widens the
scope and strengthens the enforcement of privacy standards. To protect privacy abroad …

This paper examines how policies regulating the cross‐border movement and domestic use
of electronic data on the internet impact the productivity of firms in sectors relying on …

Most commentary on Europe's economy focuses on its precarious financial system and
anemic employment recovery since the Great Recession. But Europe faces a challenge of …

Notwithstanding the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and the Internet of
Things (IOT), European productivity growth has slowed, and continues to lag US growth …

Data localization laws are emerging as a pernicious form of non-tariff barrier which
significantly harms the growth of trade in a digitally powered world. An International Political …

This paper provides a robust and significant explanation of how the costs of data regulation
affect downstream industries in an economy. In doing so we first select observable …

The regulation of personal data varies widely between countries, with potential effects on
digital services. We develop a taxonomy for the regulation of cross‐border personal data …

Digital technologies encourage companies to innovate with new processes, goods, and
services, which ultimately enhance their competitiveness in local and global markets. This …

The adoption of digital technologies to facilitate international trade, coupled with the
acceleration of digital transformation in the movements of goods and services, has led to …

Cyber-security risks are bringing new threats to digital trade, the cross-border transactions
enabled by digital technologies. Governments are implementing fragmented, in-flux cyber …