Of all electrons, runaway electrons have long been recognized in the fusion community as a
distinctive population. They now attract special attention as a part of ITER mission …

The object of this review is to summarize the achievements of research on the Alcator C-Mod
tokamak [Hutchinson et al., Phys. Plasmas 1, 1511 (1994) and Marmar, Fusion Sci. Technol …

DIII-D experiments at low density (ne∼ 10 19 m− 3) have directly measured whistler waves
in the 100–200 MHz range excited by multi-MeV runaway electrons. Whistler activity is …

SPARC is being designed to operate with a normalized beta of that rises linearly with a
change in the plasma current. Massive material injection is planned to reduce the disruption …

The plasma current in ITER cannot be allowed to transfer from thermal to relativistic electron
carriers. The potential for damage is too great. Before the final design is chosen for the …

This Letter presents a rigorous kinetic theory for relativistic runaway electrons in the near
critical electric field in tokamaks. The theory provides a distribution function of the runaway …

Realization of a high-current (approaching 1 MA) post-disruption runaway electron (RE)
beam in DIII-D yields controlled access to very low edge safety factor (qa) conditions. This …

The effects of kinetic whistler wave instabilities on the runaway-electron (RE) avalanche is
investigated. With parameters from experiments at the DIII-D National Fusion Facility, we …

We derive a formula for the effective critical electric field for runaway generation and decay
that accounts for the presence of partially ionized impurities in combination with synchrotron …

Novel spatial, temporal, and energetically resolved measurements of bremsstrahlung hard-x-
ray (HXR) emission from runaway electron (RE) populations in tokamaks reveal …