Anthropogenic climate change is causing observable changes in Antarctica and the
Southern Ocean including increased air and ocean temperatures, glacial melt leading to sea …

At a hole in lake ice, a painting from the year 1900 by Finnish artist Pekka Halonen (1865–
1933), who is well known especially of his winter landscapes. In cold regions the normal life …

Protection of Antarctica's biodiversity and ecosystem values is enshrined in the Protocol on
Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, which provides for the designation of …

The Antarctic provides a suite of environments and scenarios that give key opportunities to
improve understanding of the consequences of climate change on terrestrial and limnetic …

Perennially cold environments in which temperatures remain below 5° C are common
throughout the biosphere (Margesin and Häggblom 2007). In these habitats, the persistent …

The polar regions, both Arctic and Antarctic, show strong evidence of climate change
affecting freshwater species, communities, and ecosystems, and are expected to undergo …

Perennially ice-covered lakes that host benthic microbial ecosystems are present in many
regions of Antarctica. Lake Untersee is an ultra-oligotrophic lake that is substantially different …

Aquatic mosses in the genera Bryum and Leptobryum form unique tower-like “moss pillars”
underwater in some Antarctic lakes, in association with algae and cyanobacteria. These are …

Aquatic mosses of Leptobryum species form unique tower-like pillars of vegetation termed
“moss pillars” in Antarctic lakes. Moss pillars have distinct redox-affected sections: oxidative …

Aim There is no previous direct evidence for the occurrence of lacustrine refuges for
invertebrate fauna in Antarctica spanning the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). In the absence …