Scorpion venoms have long captivated scientific researchers, primarily due to the potency
and specificity of the mechanism of action of their derived components. Among other …

Research on venomous animals has mainly focused on the molecular, biochemical, and
pharmacological aspects of venom toxins. However, it is the relatively neglected broader …

Ribbon worms are active predators that use an eversible proboscis to inject venom into their
prey and defend themselves with toxic epidermal secretions. Previous work on nemertean …

Venomous animals are a striking example of the convergent evolution of a complex trait.
These animals have independently evolved an apparatus that synthesizes, stores, and …

Fishes represent the most diverse group of vertebrates, having inhabited the Earth for
approximately 480 million years during which they evolved many specialised adaptations …

The millions of extant arthropod species are testament to their evolutionary success that can
at least partially be attributed to venom usage, which evolved independently in at least 19 …

Venoms are primarily believed to evolve under strong diversifying selection resulting from
persistent coevolution between predator and prey. Recent research has challenged this …

In the animal kingdom, intraspecific variation occurs, for example, between populations,
different life stages, and sexes. For venomous animals, this can involve differences in their …

Sexually dimorphic traits are widespread across metazoans and are often the result of sex-
specific inheritance or sex-based differences in gene expression. Intersexual differences …

Body tissue and venom glands from an eastern population of the scorpion Centruroides
vittatus (Say, 1821) were homogenized and molecular constituents removed to characterize …