Solar energetic particle (SEP) events are related to both solar flares and coronal mass
ejections (CMEs) and they present energy spectra that span from a few keV up to several …

The first ground-level enhancement of the current Solar Cycle 25 occurred on 28 October
2021. It was observed by several space-borne and ground-based instruments, specifically …

Aims. Fluences of solar energetic particles (SEPs) are not easy to evaluate, especially for
high-energy events (ie ground-level enhancements, GLEs). Earlier estimates of event …

We present a new open‐source tool for magnetospheric computations, that is modeling of
cosmic ray (CR) propagation in the geomagnetosphere, named “Oulu—Open‐source …

Abstract During Solar Cycle 23 16 ground-level enhancement events were registered by the
global neutron monitor network. In this work we focus on the period with increased solar …

In May 2024, the scientific community observed intense solar eruptions that resulted in an
extreme geomagnetic storm and auroral extension, highlighting the need to document and …

The global neutron monitor network has been successfully used over several decades to
study cosmic ray variations and fluxes of energetic solar particles. Nowadays, it is used also …

Studies of the characteristic of strong solar energetic particles (SEPs), that is events that can
be registered by ground-based instruments such as neutron monitors, allow one to …

Cosmic rays, high-energy subatomic particles of extraterrestrial origin, are systematically
measured by space-borne and ground-based instruments. A specific interest is paid to high …

Intense solar activity was observed in May 2012. A notable ground level enhancement
(GLE) was registered on 17 May 2012 by several space‐borne instruments as well as on …