The human microbiota has a fundamental role in host physiology and pathology. Gut
microbial alteration, also known as dysbiosis, is a condition associated not only with …

Abstract 'Enriched environments' are a key experimental paradigm to decipher how
interactions between genes and environment change the structure and function of the brain …

As the immune-competent cells of the brain, microglia play an increasingly important role in
maintaining normal brain function. They invade the brain early in development, transform …

It is widely accepted that the brain and the immune system continuously interact during
normal as well as pathological functioning. Human aging is commonly accompanied by low …

ABSTRACT The 3Rs–Replacement, Reduction and Refinement–are embedded into the
legislation and guidelines governing the ethics of animal use in experiments. Here, we …

Recent developments in the study of pain in animals have demonstrated the potential for
pain perception in a variety of wholly aquatic species such as molluscs, crustaceans and …

Exercise is known to exert a systemic anti-inflammatory influence, but whether its effects are
sufficient to protect against subsequent neuropathic pain is underinvestigated. We report …

Abstract Environmental enrichment (“EE”) is expected to alleviate the negative effects of
stress on cognitive performance. However, there are complexities associated with …

Stress exposure can produce profound changes in physiology and behavior that can impair
health and well-being. Of note, stress exposure is linked to anxiety disorders and depression …

1. Introduction 1.1. Defining Welfare 2. Managing Stress in Fish 2.1. Considerations for Care
of Wild Fish in Captivity 2.2. The Impact of Psychological Stress 2.3. Controlling and …