Major advances have occurred in recent years in our understanding of HIV-1 assembly,
release and maturation, as work in this field has been propelled forwards by developments …

While HIV-1 infection of target cells with cell-free viral particles has been largely
documented, intercellular transmission through direct cell-to-cell contact may be a …

Mammalian cells are capable of delivering multiple types of membrane capsules
extracellularly. The limiting membrane of late endosomes can fuse with the plasma …

Infection of human cells with poliovirus induces the proliferation of double-membraned
cytoplasmic vesicles whose surfaces are used as the sites of viral RNA replication and …

Autophagy is a cytoplasmic degradative pathway that can participate in biosynthetic
processes, as in the yeast Cvt pathway, but is more commonly known for its functions in …

Exosomes are secreted, single membrane organelles of∼ 100 nm diameter. Their
biogenesis is typically thought to occur in a two-step process involving (1) outward vesicle …

During the late phase of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) replication, newly synthesized retroviral Gag
proteins are targeted to the plasma membrane of most hematopoietic cell types, where they …

A critical early event in the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) particle assembly pathway is the targeting of
the Gag protein to the site of virus assembly. In many cell types, assembly takes place …

Influenza viruses are causative agents of an acute febrile respiratory disease called
influenza (commonly known as “flu”) and belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family. These …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen that chronically infects≈ 350 million
people, causing liver disease and liver cancer. HBV virions bud into an endoplasmic …