The vertebrate control of locomotion involves all levels of the nervous system from cortex to
the spinal cord. Here, we aim to cover all main aspects of this complex behavior, from the …

The enormous diversity of cell types that characterizes any animal nervous system is defined
by neuron-type-specific gene batteries that endow cells with distinct anatomical and …

Principles of Neurobiology, Second Edition presents the major concepts of neuroscience
with an emphasis on how we know what we know. The text is organized around a series of …

The flexibility of motor actions is ingrained in the diversity of neurons and how they are
organized into functional circuit modules, yet our knowledge of the molecular underpinning …

Spinal motor neurons (MNs) integrate sensory stimuli and brain commands to generate
movements. In vertebrates, the molecular identities of the cardinal MN types such as those …

The spinal cord receives, relays and processes sensory information from the periphery and
integrates this information with descending inputs from supraspinal centres to elicit precise …

A comparison of the vertebrate motor systems of the oldest group of now living vertebrates
(lamprey) with that of mammals shows that there are striking similarities not only in the basic …

How do four-legged animals adapt their locomotion to the environment? How do central and
peripheral mechanisms interact within the spinal cord to produce adaptive locomotion and …

Locomotion requires precise control of the strength and speed of muscle contraction and is
achieved by recruiting functionally distinct subtypes of motor neurons (MNs). MNs are …

The chromosomally-arrayed Hox gene family plays central roles in embryonic patterning
and the specification of cell identities throughout the animal kingdom. In vertebrates, the …