The aquatic Lemnaceae family, commonly called duckweed, comprises some of the smallest
and fastest growing angiosperms known on Earth. Their tiny size, rapid growth by clonal …

Plants produce a myriad of structurally and functionally diverse metabolites that play many
different roles in plant growth and development and in plant response to continually …

Ever since the first plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) were isolated and identified,
questions about their ecological functions and diversity have been raised. Recent advances …

Costs of defense are central to our understanding of interactions between organisms and
their environment, and defensive phenotypes of plants have long been considered to be …

Soil microorganisms found in the root zone impact plant growth and development, but the
potential to harness these benefits is hampered by the sheer abundance and diversity of the …

Plant–herbivore interactions have evolved in response to coevolutionary dynamics, along
with selection driven by abiotic conditions. We examine how abiotic factors influence trait …

Glucosinolates are secondary defense metabolites produced by plants of the order
Brassicales, which includes the model species Arabidopsis and many crop species. In the …

Aphids are important herbivores of both wild and cultivated plants. Plants rely on unique
mechanisms of recognition, signalling and defence to cope with the specialized mode of …

Plant secondary metabolites (PSM s) are ubiquitous in plants and play many ecological
roles. Each compound can vary in presence and/or quantity, and the composition of the …

Plants and herbivores are remarkably variable in space and time, and variability has been
considered a defining feature of their interactions. Empirical research, however, has …