Compulsive drug seeking that is associated with addiction is hypothesized to follow a
heuristic framework that involves three stages (binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect …

Oxytocin has been revealed to work for anxiety suppression and anti-stress as well as for
psychosocial behavior and reproductive functions. Oxytocin neurons are activated by …

Alcohol use produces wide-ranging and diverse effects on the central nervous system. It
influences intracellular signaling mechanisms, leading to changes in gene expression …

Oxytocin may have promise as a treatment for neuropsychiatric disorders. Its therapeutic
effect may depend on its ability to enter the brain and bind to the oxytocin receptor. To date …

Ethanol (EtOH) has effects on numerous cellular molecular targets, and alterations in
synaptic function are prominent among these effects. Acute exposure to EtOH activates or …

Alcohol tolerance refers to a lower effect of alcohol with repeated exposure. Although
alcohol tolerance has been historically included in diagnostic manuals as one of the key …

Alcohol dependence is a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug-
seeking and drug-taking, loss of control in limiting intake, and the emergence of a …

The neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) plays a key role in adaptive processes associated with
reward, tolerance, memory and stress responses. Through interactions with brain reward …

The clinical translation of stem cells and their extracellular vesicles (EVs)-based therapy for
central nervous system (CNS) diseases is booming. Nevertheless, the insufficient CNS …

Compounds known to be successful in the treatment of alcohol use disorder include the
aversive agent, Disulfiram, the glutamatergic NMDA receptor antagonist, Acamprosate, and …