Although hormones such as glucocorticoids have been broadly accepted in recent decades
as general neuromodulators of memory processes, sex steroid hormones such as the potent …

Although classically known as an endocrine signal produced by the ovary, 17β-estradiol (E
2) is also a neurosteroid produced in neurons and astrocytes in the brain of many different …

17β-estradiol (E2) is produced from androgens via the action of the enzyme aromatase. E2
is known to be made in neurons in the brain, but its precise functions in the brain are …

Sex differences in the function of the hippocampus have been observed in numerous
mammalian species. However, the magnitude, extent, and specificity of these differences are …

The incidence of dementia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increases with age. Late‐
onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease of the elderly …

Letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor that blocks estrogen synthesis by inhibiting the final step of
the estrogen biosynthetic pathway, has been used in the applications of a wide range of …

Excitatory synapses can be potentiated by chemical neuromodulators, including 17β-
estradiol (E2), or patterns of synaptic activation, as in long-term potentiation (LTP). Here, we …

The aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) enzyme, or estrogen synthase, which is
coded by the CYP19A1 gene, is widely expressed in a subpopulation of excitatory and …

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) integrates sensory input from cortical and subcortical
regions, a function that requires marked synaptic plasticity. Here we provide evidence that …

BPA analogs, including bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol B (BPB), have been used to
replace BPA since it was banned to be added. To investigate whether BPA and its analogs …