The mammalian immune system effectively fights infection through the cooperation of two
connected systems, innate and adaptive immunity. Germ‐line encoded pattern recognition …

Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for tumor development. However, understanding the
effect of the immune system on tumor development has only been significantly advanced …

Gram‐negative bacterial peptidoglycan is specifically recognized by the host intracellular
sensor NOD1, resulting in the generation of innate immune responses. Although epithelial …

Bacteria can respond to adverse environmental conditions by drastically reducing or even
ceasing metabolic activity. They must then determine that conditions have improved before …

Background The human gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by a very diverse symbiotic
microbiota, the composition of which depends on host genetics and the environment …

Along the human gastrointestinal tract, microorganisms are confronted with multiple barriers.
Besides selective physical conditions, the epithelium is regularly replaced and covered with …

The inflammasome is a cytoplasmic multiprotein complex that has recently been identified in
immune cells as an important sensor of signals released by cellular injury and death …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still one of the most dangerous viral illnesses. HBV infects
around 257 million individuals worldwide. Hepatitis B in many individuals ultimately …

The world is undergoing an unprecedented shift in demographics, with the number of
individuals over the age of 60 years projected to reach 2 billion or more by 2050 …

The pattern‐recognition receptor (PRR) family includes Toll‐like receptors (TLRs),
nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptors (NLRs), RIG‐I‐like …