Background Understanding the level and characteristics of protection from past SARS-CoV-
2 infection against subsequent re-infection, symptomatic COVID-19 disease, and severe …

Background Progress in characterising the humoral immune response to Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been rapid but areas of uncertainty persist …

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is now better controlled in settings with access to fast and
reliable testing and highly effective vaccination rollouts. Several studies have found that …

Cytokines produced by T helper cells (T h cells) have essential roles in the body's defense
against viruses. Type 1 T helper (Th1) cells are essential for the host defense toward …

Introduction There is an increasing body of evidence surrounding the importance of a T cell-
mediated response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and after COVID-19 vaccination. In this internal …

Background Both humoral and cell-mediated responses are associated with immunity to
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although our …

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has become a serious
challenge for medicine and science. Analysis of the molecular mechanisms associated with …

The development of vaccines to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection has mainly relied on the
induction of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, but there is …

The emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 and their abilities to evade the immune
response elicited through presently available vaccination makes it essential to recognize the …

Effective vaccine coverage is urgently needed to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Inactivated
vaccines have been introduced in many countries for emergency usage, but have only …