The study of innate immunity and its link to inflammation and host defense encompasses
diverse areas of biology, ranging from genetics and biophysics to signal transduction and …

Receptors of the innate immune system detect conserved determinants of microbial and viral
origin. Activation of these receptors initiates signaling events that culminate in an effective …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of
Gram-negative bacteria to induce production of pro-inflammatory mediators aiming at …

Research on innate immune signaling and regulation has recently focused on pathogen
recognition receptors (PRRs) and their signaling pathways. Members of PRRs sense …

Autoimmune diseases are immune disorders characterized by T cell hyperactivity and B cell
overstimulation leading to overproduction of autoantibodies. Although the pathogenesis of …

TLRs play a critical role in the detection of microbes and endogenous “alarmins” to initiate
host defense, yet they can also contribute to the development and progression of …

Viral diseases account for an increasing proportion of deaths worldwide. Viruses maneuver
host cell machinery in an attempt to subvert the intracellular environment favorable for their …

NLRP3 is the most crucial member of the NLR family, as it detects the existence of pathogen
invasion and self-derived molecules associated with cellular damage. Several studies have …

Renal ischemia is the most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) that might be
exacerbate lupus activity through neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and apoptosis. Here …

Abstract Purpose of Review This review presents an overview of the current knowledge of
tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF) molecules in inflammation …