In vitro tumor models have provided important tools for cancer research and serve as low-
cost screening platforms for drug therapies; however, cancer recurrence remains largely …

The minimal structural unit of a solid tumor is a single cell or a cellular compartment such as
the nucleus. A closer look inside the cells reveals that there are functional compartments or …

Phenotypic heterogeneity of cancer cells, cell biological context, heterotypic crosstalk and
the microenvironment are key determinants of the multistep process of tumor development …

Abnormal vascularization of malignant tumors is associated with the development of
microregions of heterogeneous cells and environments. Experimental models such as …

Deciphering the multifactorial determinants of tumor progression requires standardized high-
throughput preparation of 3D in vitro cellular assays. We present a simple microfluidic …

Culture of cancerous cells in standard monolayer conditions poorly mirrors growth in three-
dimensional architectures typically observed in a wide majority of cancers of different …

Hypoxia occurs when oxygen levels within a tissue drop below normal physiological levels.
In tumours, hypoxia is associated with poor prognosis, increased likelihood of metastasis …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture has tremendous advantages to closely mimic
the in vivo architecture and microenvironment of healthy tissue and organs, as well as of …

Integrated approaches using different in vitro methods in combination with bioinformatics
can (i) increase the success rate and speed of drug development;(ii) improve the accuracy of …

This review will outline a number of illustrative mathematical models describing the growth
of avascular tumors. The aim of the review is to provide a relatively comprehensive list of …