Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infectious disease is a phenomenon whereby
host antibodies increase the severity of an infection. It is well established in viral infections …

Inflammasomes are multi‐protein complexes that regulate the cleavage of cysteine protease
caspase‐1, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and induction of inflammatory cell death …

Macrophages are key cellular contributors to the pathogenesis of COVID-19, the disease
caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 is present only on …

Nucleoprotein (N) is an immunodominant antigen in many enveloped virus infections. While
the diagnostic value of anti‐N antibodies is clear, their role in immunity is not. This is …

Humans have four IgG antibody subclasses that selectively or differentially engage immune
effector molecules to protect against infections. Although IgG1 has been studied in detail …

Cells are constantly challenged by pathogens (bacteria, virus, and fungi), and protein
aggregates or chemicals, which can provoke membrane damage at the plasma membrane …

The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 are products of activation of the
inflammasome, an innate sensing system, and important in the pathogenesis of herpes …

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a positive-strand RNA virus of the family
Picornaviridae. Early studies show that some viruses of Picornaviridae, such as EMCV and …

The tripartite motif protein 21 (TRIM21) belongs to the TRIM family, possessing an E3
ubiquitin ligase activity. Similar to other TRIMs, TRIM21 also contains three domains (named …

Despite over a century of research, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of
tuberculosis (TB), continues to kill 1.5 million people annually. Though less than 10% of …