The external globus pallidus (GPe) of the basal ganglia has been underappreciated owing
to poor understanding of its cells and circuits. It was assumed that the GPe consisted of a …

Studies of the pathophysiology of parkinsonism (specifically akinesia and bradykinesia)
have a long history and primarily model the consequences of dopamine loss in the basal …

Optogenetic stimulation of Adora2a receptor-expressing spiny projection neurons (A2A-
SPNs) in the striatum drives locomotor suppression and transient punishment, results …

The basal ganglia (BG) inhibit movements through two independent circuits: the striatal
neuron-indirect and the subthalamic nucleus-hyperdirect pathways. These pathways exert …

The basal ganglia regulate a wide range of behaviors, including motor control and cognitive
functions, and are profoundly affected in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the functional …

The external globus pallidus (GP e) of the basal ganglia is in a unique and powerful position
to influence processing of motor information by virtue of its widespread projections to all …

Substantia nigra (SNc) dopaminergic neurons respond to aversive stimuli with inhibitory
pauses in firing followed by transient rebound activation. We tested integration of inhibitory …

The external globus pallidus (GPe) coordinates action-selection through GABAergic
projections throughout the basal ganglia. GPe arkypallidal (arky) neurons project exclusively …

Cell replacement is currently being explored as a therapeutic approach for
neurodegenerative disease. Using stem cells as a source, transplantable progenitors can …

Striatal cholinergic (ChAT) and parvalbumin (PV) interneurons exert powerful influences on
striatal function in health and disease, yet little is known about the organization of their …