Patterns of evolution in immune defense genes help to understand the evolutionary
dynamics between hosts and pathogens. Multiple insect genomes have been sequenced …

Insects are the most successful group of animals on earth, owing this partly to their very
effective immune responses to microbial invasion. These responses mainly include cellular …

The power and ease of Drosophila genetics and the medical relevance of mosquito-
transmitted viruses have made dipterans important model organisms in antiviral …

The innate immune system in insects is regulated by specific signalling pathways. Most
immune related pathways were identified and characterized in holometabolous insects such …

Nitric oxide (NO) at a high concentration is an effector to kill pathogens during insect
immune responses, it also functions as a second messenger at a low concentration to …

The insulin/insulin-like signaling and target of rapamycin (IIS/TOR) network regulates
lifespan and reproduction, as well as metabolic diseases, cancer, and aging. Despite its vital …

Background Recent literature on the differential role of genes within networks distinguishes
core from peripheral genes. If previous works have shown contrasting features between …

The highly invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) started its colonisation from the
species' native range in South America approximately 150 years ago and has since become …

The widespread use of pesticides hampers the immune system of non-target organisms,
however, there is a lack of common biomarkers to detect such effects. Myeloid differentiation …

The pressure to survive ever-changing pathogen exposure explains the frequent
observation that immune genes are among the fastest evolving in the genomes of many …