The goal of this chapter is to review the major evolutionary theories that are most relevant to
understanding whether, how, and why strong prosociality may have evolved via natural …

Altruistic behaviors seem anomalous from a traditional view of Darwinian natural selection,
and evolutionary explanations for them have generated much discussion. The debate …

If the term “group selection” is to have any meaning beyond mere semantics, it must refer to
situations where individuals live in groups. Although the terminology of cultural anthropology …

Abstract R. Buck (1999) argued that a conceptual distinction between prosocial and selfish
motivation is necessary to understand the biological affects (consciously experienced …

The six commentaries raise five issues about multi-level selection theory that we attempt to
address:(1) replicators without vehicles,(2) group selection and movement between …

Adaptation is a characteristic that enhances the survival or reproduction of organisms;
selection is the critical process leading to adaptive evolution. Therefore, detecting selection …

In this chapter, we first discuss distinct features of the environment of evolutionary
adaptedness (EEA)—the environments in which our species probably evolved—that might …

Wilson & Sober's discussion of group selection is marred by the absence of plausible
examples of human group-level behavioral adaptation. The trait of authoritarianism is one …

Humans appear to be possible candidates for group selection because they are often said to
live in bands, clans, and tribes. These terms, however, are only names for conceptual …

Group selection may be defined either broadly or narrowly. Narrowly defined group
selection may involve either selection for altruism or group selection between alternative …