A central goal in biology is to determine the ways in which evolution repeats itself. One of the
most remarkable examples in nature of convergent evolutionary novelty is animal venom …

Sea anemones have been understudied as a source of peptide and protein toxins, with
relatively few examined as a source of new pharmacological tools or therapeutic leads. This …

Sea anemones produce venoms of exceptional molecular diversity, with at least 17 different
molecular scaffolds reported to date. These venom components have traditionally been …

Little is known about venom in young developmental stages of animals. The appearance of
toxins and stinging cells during early embryonic stages in the sea anemone Nematostella …

The assassin bug venom system plays diverse roles in prey capture, defence and extra-oral
digestion, but it is poorly characterised, partly due to its anatomical complexity. Here we …

More than a century of research on sea anemone venoms has shown that they contain a
diversity of biologically active proteins and peptides. However, recent omics studies have …

The phylum Cnidaria is the oldest extant venomous group and is defined by the presence of
nematocysts, specialized organelles responsible for venom production and delivery …

This article provides a brief overview of the literature related to the chemical ecology of sea
anemones, focusing on their venom, and summarizing their bioprospecting potential. Sea …

The cnidarian Nematostella vectensis has become an established lab model, providing
unique opportunities for venom evolution research. The Nematostella venom system is …

Venoms have evolved> 100 times in all major animal groups, and their components, known
as toxins, have been fine-tuned over millions of years into highly effective biochemical …