During protective immune responses, the adaptive arm of the immune system requires
activation by signals provided by innate immunity and driven by microbial stimuli. Whether …

Ageing of the immune system is characterized by decreased lymphopoiesis and adaptive
immunity, and increased inflammation and myeloid pathologies,. Age-related changes in …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of T cells that are responsible for maintaining
peripheral immune tolerance and homeostasis. The hallmark of Tregs is the expression of …

Among animals used in research, teaching and testing, mice are now widely recognized as
the most important model for human diseases and disorders. They comprise the majority of …

The recent association between Zika virus (ZIKV) and neurologic complications, including
Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults and CNS abnormalities in fetuses, highlights the …

During chronic viral infection, persistent exposure to viral Ags leads to the overexpression of
multiple inhibitory cell-surface receptors that cause CD8+ T cell exhaustion. The severity of …

Antiviral immunity often requires CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that actively migrate
and search for virus-infected targets. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to …

Prolonged exposure of CD8+ T cells to antigenic stimulation, as in chronic viral infections,
leads to a state of diminished function termed exhaustion. We now demonstrate that even …

Although chronic infections with viruses such as HIV and hepatitis C virus have been
associated with regulatory T cell (Treg)-mediated suppression of virus-specific CD8+ T-cell …

Cytotoxic CD8+ T Lymphocytes (CTL) efficiently control acute virus infections but can
become exhausted when a chronic infection develops. Signaling of the inhibitory receptor …