Neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating and currently incurable conditions causing
severe cognitive and motor impairments, defined by the progressive deterioration of …

There is increasing evidence highlighting the potential role of the gut-brain axis in the
pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and on the use of probiotics as a therapeutic …

Parkinson is a common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by motor and non-motor
symptoms, including abnormalities in the gut function, which may appear before the motor …

Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) is a live attenuated form of Mycobacterium bovis that was
developed 100 years ago as a vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) and has been used ever …

Life expectancy of humans has increased continuously up to the present days, but their
health status (healthspan) was not enhanced by similar extent. To decrease enormous …

The nuclear liver X receptors (LXRα/β) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
(PPARα/γ) are involved in the regulation of multiple biological processes, including lipid …

The Janus-kinase (JAK) and signal transducer activator of transcription (STAT) signalling
pathways regulate gene expression and control various factors involved in normal …

Cerebral ischemic injury is a leading cause of death and long-term disability throughout the
world. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-ɣ) is a ligand-activated …

Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist, is
known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects on the brain, and its clinical …

Cognitive impairment is a shared abnormality between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and
many neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) …