Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), mainly present in immune cells, epithelial cells, and brain
cells, manifests as an intracellular non-receptor enzyme that modulates inflammation and …

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) caused by cigarette smoke and characterized by chronic …

Objective This study aims to identify clinically relevant diagnostic biomarkers in chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) while exploring how immune cell infiltration …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating respiratory disease and one
of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is characterized by persistent …

Although chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is regarded as a chronic
inflammatory lung disease, the disease mechanism is still not known. Intriguingly, aging …

COPD poses a significant global public health challenge, primarily characterised by
irreversible airflow restriction and persistent respiratory symptoms. The hallmark pathology …

Therapeutic advances using targeted biologicals and small‐molecule drugs have achieved
significant success in the treatment of chronic allergic, autoimmune, and inflammatory …

The lymphatic vasculature maintains tissue homeostasis via fluid drainage in the form of
lymph and immune surveillance due to migration of leukocytes through the lymphatics to the …

Recently, the therapeutic potential of immune-modulation during the progression of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been attracting increasing interest. However …

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common respiratory
disease, whose pathogenetic complexity was strongly associated with aging/smoking and …