Astroglia are a broad class of neural parenchymal cells primarily dedicated to homoeostasis
and defence of the central nervous system (CNS). Astroglia contribute to the …

Bacterial pathogens have evolved a wide range of strategies to colonize and invade human
organs, despite the presence of multiple host defense mechanisms. In this review, we will …

Classically, the CNS is described as displaying immune privilege, as it shows attenuated
responses to challenge by alloantigen. However, the CNS does show local inflammation in …

Since the first attempts in the 1970s to isolate cerebral microvessel endothelial cells (CECs)
in order to model the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in vitro, the need for a human BBB model …

Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges and subarachnoid space that can also involve
the brain cortex and parenchyma. It can be acquired spontaneously in the community …

The brain is well protected against microbial invasion by cellular barriers, such as the blood-
brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In addition, cells …

Agonists of seven-transmembrane receptors, also known as G protein-coupled receptors
(GPCRs), do not uniformly activate all cellular signalling pathways linked to a given seven …

The blood–brain barrier, which is one of the tightest barriers in the body, protects the brain
from insults, such as infections. Indeed, only a few of the numerous blood-borne bacteria …

β-Arrestins, originally discovered to desensitize activated seven transmembrane receptors
(7TMRs; also known as G-protein-coupled receptors, GPCRs), are now well established …

Prokaryotes have engineered sophisticated surface nanomachines that have allowed them
to colonize Earth and thrive even in extreme environments. Filamentous machineries …