The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is an important bridge in the switch
from extracellular signals to intracellular responses. Alterations of signaling cascades are …

Metastatic dissemination of solid tumors, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality,
underscores the urgent need for enhanced insights into the molecular and cellular …

The MAPK pathway is one of the most commonly mutated oncogenic pathways in cancer.
Although RAS mutations are the most frequent MAPK alterations, less frequent alterations in …

Technological innovation and rapid reduction in sequencing costs have enabled the
genomic profiling of hundreds of cancer-associated genes as a component of routine cancer …

Aberrant cell signaling can cause cancer and other diseases and is a focal point of drug
research. A common approach is to infer signaling activity of pathways from gene …

The discovery that a subset of human tumours is dependent on mutationally deregulated
BRAF kinase intensified the development of RAF inhibitors to be used as potential …

Abstract The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK signalling pathway is hyperactivated in a high
percentage of tumours, most frequently owing to activating mutations of the KRAS, NRAS …

The role of the ERK signalling pathway in cancer is thought to be most prominent in tumours
in which mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinases RAS, BRAF, CRAF, MEK1 or MEK2 drive …

The identification of mutationally activated BRAF in many cancers altered our conception of
the part played by the RAF family of protein kinases in oncogenesis. In this Review, we …

Approximately 50% of melanomas harbor an activating BRAF mutation. Combined BRAF
and MEK inhibitors such as dabrafenib and trametinib, vemurafenib and cobimetinib, and …