Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are electronic devices relying on electronic
materials that are stable in aqueous environments. OECTs leverage ionic solutions for their …

Biosensors have demonstrated versatility across numerous applications; however, their
systematic optimization remains a primary obstacle, limiting their widespread adoption as …

SPRi protein arrays for rapid, label-free immunodetection offer an attractive approach for
high throughput biosensing and analysis of molecular interactions. However, their routine …

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the gold standard technique for measuring
protein biomarkers due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and throughput. Despite its success …

The electric dipoles of proteins in a biolayer determine their dielectric properties through the
polarization density P. Hence, its reproducibility is crucial for applications, particularly in …

Pancreatic cancer, ranking as the third factor in cancer‐related deaths, necessitates
enhanced diagnostic measures through early detection. In response, SiMoT‐Single …

Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) allows the detection of single binding events
between immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG) and their cognate antibodies (anti-IgM, anti-IgG). Here …

While nucleic-acids can be readily amplified for single-marker detection, a comparable
method for proteins assay is currently unavailable. Proteins potentiometric detections at 10 …

Physisorption of antibodies onto surfaces is a low‐cost, rapid, and effective approach for
immobilizing bioreceptors in applications such as bioelectronic sensors. However, there is a …

The work presented in this thesis is based on my research at Physics, Faculty of Science
and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University under the supervision of Ronald Österbacka. For …