A network of interactions is called modular if it is subdivided into relatively autonomous,
internally highly connected components. Modularity has emerged as a rallying point for …

Biological systems, from molecular complexes to whole organisms and ecological
interactions, tend to have a modular organization. Modules are sets of traits that are …

The first edition of Geometric Morphometrics for Biologists has been the primary resource for
teaching modern geometric methods of shape analysis to biologists who have a stronger …

Integration and modularity refer to the patterns and processes of trait interaction and
independence. Both terms have complex histories with respect to both conceptualization …

Identifying the modular components of a configuration of landmarks is an important task of
morphometric analyses in evolutionary developmental biology. Modules are integrated …

Genetic architecture, the structure of the mapping from genotype to phenotype, determines
the variational properties of the phenotype and is instrumental in understanding its …

Morphological integration and modularity have become central concepts in evolutionary
biology and geometric morphometrics. This review summarizes the most frequently used …

Similarity of genetic and phenotypic variation patterns among populations is important for
making quantitative inferences about past evolutionary forces acting to differentiate …

Evolvability is the ability to respond to a selective challenge. This requires the capacity to
produce the right kind of variation for selection to act upon. To understand evolvability we …

Evolutionists and ecologists are motivated to understand the forces that generate and
maintain biological diversity. In turn, attention has focused on the relative roles of natural …