All biomaterials, when implanted in vivo, elicit cellular and tissue responses. These
responses include the inflammatory and wound healing responses, foreign body reactions …

Growth in production of manufactured goods and the use of nanomaterials in consumer
products has mounted in the past few decades. Nanotoxicology or toxicity assessment of …

The complement system is deeply embedded in our physiology and immunity. Complement
activation generates a multitude of molecules that converge simultaneously on the …

In addition to their early-recognized functions in host defense and the clearance of apoptotic
cell debris, macrophages play vital roles in tissue development, homeostasis, and repair. If …

Endocytosis is a fundamental process in which eukaryotic cells internalise molecules and
macromolecules via deformation of the membrane and generation of membrane-bound …

▪ Abstract Phagocytosis of pathogens by macrophages initiates the innate immune
response, which in turn orchestrates the adaptive response. In order to discriminate between …

Lysosome‐related organelles (LROs) comprise a diverse group of cell type‐specific,
membrane‐bound subcellular organelles that derive at least in part from the endolysosomal …

The Rho GTPases form a subgroup of the Ras superfamily of 20-to 30-kD GTP-binding
proteins that have been shown to regulate a wide spectrum of cellular functions. These …

Purpose Polymeric microspheres are extensively researched for applications in drug and
vaccine delivery. However, upon administration into the body, microspheres are primarily …

The successful delivery of therapeutic genes to the designated target cells and their
availability at the intracellular site of action are crucial requirements for successful gene …