T lymphocytes, the major effector cells in cellular immunity, produce cytokines in immune
responses to mediate inflammation and regulate other types of immune cells. Work in the …

When helper T (TH) cell polarization was initially described three decades ago, the TH cell
universe grew dramatically. New subsets were described based on their expression of few …

Increased osteoclast (OC) differentiation and activity is the critical event that results in bone
loss and joint destruction in common pathological bone conditions, such as osteoporosis …

Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine composed of two subunits, IL-23A (p19)
and IL-12/23B (p40), the latter shared with Interleukin-12 (IL-12). IL-23 is mainly produced …

The immune system plays a critical role in protecting hosts from the invasion of organisms.
CD4 T cells, as a key component of the immune system, are central in orchestrating adaptive …

While intestinal Th17 cells are critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis, recent studies
have implicated their roles in the development of extra-intestinal autoimmune diseases …

Environmental pollution caused by plastic waste is a growing global problem. Discarded
plastic products and debris (microplastic particles) in the oceans detrimentally affect marine …

Summary Background The interleukin-23 (IL-23)/T-helper 17 cell pathway is implicated in
psoriatic arthritis pathogenesis. Guselkumab, an IL-23 inhibitor that specifically binds the IL …

Innate immunity represents the semi-specific first line of defense and provides the initial host
response to tissue injury, trauma, and pathogens. Innate immunity activates the adaptive …

These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the
immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical …