The universality of calcium as an intracellular messenger depends on its enormous
versatility. Cells have a calcium signalling toolkit with many components that can be mixed …

▪ Abstract Two-photon fluorescence microscopy is one of the most important recent
inventions in biological imaging. This technology enables noninvasive study of biological …

How is the heartbeat generated? What controls the strength of contraction of heart muscle?
What are the links between cardiac structure and function? How does our understanding of …

Near infrared (NIR) multiphoton microscopy is becoming a novel optical tool of choice for
fluorescence imaging with high spatial and temporal resolution, diagnostics, photochemistry …

Photolabile protecting groups enable biochemists to control the release of bioactive
compounds in living tissue.'Caged compounds'(photoactivatable bioagents) have become …

The calcium ion (Ca2+) is the simplest and most versatile intracellular messenger known.
The discovery of Ca2+ sparks and a related family of elementary Ca2+ signaling events has …

Synchronized SR calcium (Ca) release is critical to normal cardiac myocyte excitation-
contraction coupling, and ideally this release shuts off completely between heartbeats …

Excitation contraction (ec) coupling in skeletal and cardiac muscles involves an interaction
between specialized junctional domains of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and of exterior …

Abstract Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release is a general mechanism that most cells use to amplify
Ca2+ signals,,,,. In heart cells, this mechanism is operated between voltage-gated L-type …

Stomata form pores on leaf surfaces that regulate the uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis and
the loss of water vapour during transpiration. An increase in the cytosolic concentration of …