Causes of mortality from COVID‐19 include respiratory failure, heart failure, and
sepsis/multiorgan failure. TLR4 is an innate immune receptor on the cell surface that …

The pathogenesis and clinical features of diabetic cardiomyopathy have been well-studied
in the past decade, but effective approaches to prevent and treat this disease are limited …

The immune system plays a pivotal role in the initiation, development and resolution of
inflammation following insult or damage to organs. The heart is a vital organ which supplies …

In adult mammals, massive sudden loss of cardiomyocytes after infarction overwhelms the
limited regenerative capacity of the myocardium, resulting in the formation of a collagen …

Atherosclerosis is one type of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in which activation of the
NLRP3 inflammasome and toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways is implicated. One of the most …

As a greater proportion of patients survive their initial cardiac insult, medical systems
worldwide are being faced with an ever-growing need to understand the mechanisms …

Inflammatory processes are firmly established as central to the development and
complications of cardiovascular diseases. Elevated levels of inflammatory markers have …

Elevated levels of inflammatory mediators have been identified in patients with heart failure,
including heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction, as well as acute …

Both oxidative stress and inflammation are enhanced in chronic heart failure. Dysfunction of
cardiac mitochondria is a hallmark of heart failure and a leading cause of oxidative stress …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family, a key
component of the innate immune system. TLRs detect invading pathogens and initiate an …