Most chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus and synthesized on free, cytosolic
ribosomes in precursor form. Each precursor has an amino‐terminal extension called a …

Most proteins in chloroplasts are encoded by the nuclear genome and synthesized as
precursors with N-terminal targeting signals called transit peptides. Novel machinery has …

Higher plants produce four classes of tetrapyrroles, namely, chlorophyll (Chl), heme,
siroheme, and phytochromobilin. In plants, tetrapyrroles play essential roles in a wide range …

Chloroplast development is usually regarded as proceeding from proplastids. However,
direct or indirect conversion pathways have been described in the literature, the latter …

In plants, chlorophylls (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) are the most abundant tetrapyrrole
molecules and are essential for photosynthesis. The first committed step of chlorophyll …

The reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) is a key regulatory step in the biosynthesis of
chlorophyll in phototrophic organisms. Two distinct enzymes catalyze this reduction; a light …

Enzymatic photocatalysis is seldom used in biology. Photocatalysis by light-dependent
protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR)—one of only a few natural light-dependent …

Plastids are a diverse group of plant organelles that perform essential functions including
important steps in many biosynthetic pathways. Chloroplasts are the best characterized type …

In chlorophyll biosynthesis, the light-activated enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase
catalyzes trans addition of hydrogen across the C-17–C-18 double bond of the chlorophyll …

Chlorophyll (Chl) is essential for photosynthesis and needs to be produced throughout the
whole plant life, especially under changing light intensity and stress conditions which may …