During pregnancy, various immune effectors and molecules participating in the immune-
microenvironment establish specific maternal tolerance toward the semi-allogeneic fetus …

Recurrent spontaneous abortion affects approximately 1–2% of women of childbearing, and
describes a condition in which women suffer from three or more continuous spontaneous …

Successful pregnancy is a unique situation requires the maternal immune system to
recognize and tolerate a semi‐identical fetus and allow normal invasion of trophoblast cells …

A failure to achieve pregnancy after three or more embryo transfer cycles with high‐quality
blastocysts is referred to as recurrent implantation failure (RIF). RIF can be due to altered …

The human conceptus is a semi-allograft, which is antigenically foreign to the mother.
Hence, the implantation process needs mechanisms to prevent allograft rejection during …

Pregnancy presents the maternal immune system with a unique immunological challenge
since it has to defend against pathogens while tolerating paternal allo-antigens expressed …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical to regulating maternal T-cell activation against
trophoblast; however, the characteristics of maternal Tregs during pregnancy have not been …

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the third known coronavirus after SARS-
coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) …

The foetus can be regarded as a half‐allograft implanted into the maternal body. In a
successful pregnancy, the mother does not reject the foetus because of the immune …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) proliferate after encountering the fetal antigen, which plays an
important role in maintaining maternal-fetal tolerance. Activated Tregs increase number and …