Adaptation occurs in a variety of forms in all sensory systems, motivating the question: what
is its purpose? A productive approach has been to hypothesize that adaptation helps neural …

Electrical synaptic transmission through gap junctions underlies direct and rapid neuronal
communication in the CNS. The diversity of functional roles that electrical synapses have is …

Many retinal diseases lead to the loss of retinal neurons and cause visual impairment. The
adult mammalian retina has little capacity for regeneration. By contrast, teleost fish …

To make adaptive decisions, organisms must appropriately filter sensory inputs, augmenting
relevant signals and suppressing noise. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) partly implements this …

The mammalian retina is an important model system for studying neural circuitry: Its role in
sensation is clear, its cell types are relatively well defined, and its responses to natural …

Advances in our understanding of natural image statistics and of gain control within the
retinal circuitry are leading to new insights into the classic problem of retinal light adaptation …

Electrical synapses are the neurophysiological product of gap junctional pores between
neurons that allow bidirectional flow of current between neurons. They are expressed …

Amacrine cells represent the most diverse class of retinal neuron, comprising dozens of
distinct cell types. Each type exhibits a unique morphology and generates specific visual …

Adaptation is a hallmark of sensory function. Adapting optimally requires matching the
dynamics of adaptation to those of changes in the stimulus distribution. Here we show that …

Melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs, with five
subtypes named M1–M5) are a unique subclass of RGCs with axons that project directly to …