In response to the need to minimize the use of experimental animals, new approach
methodologies (NAMs) using advanced technology have emerged in the 21st century …

Globally, regulatory authorities grapple with the challenge of assessing the hazards and
risks to human and ecosystem health that may result from exposure to chemicals that disrupt …

An important question in toxicological risk assessment is whether non-animal new approach
methodologies (NAMs) can be used to make safety decisions that are protective of human …

Organisms are exposed to ever‐changing complex mixtures of chemicals over the course of
their lifetime. The need to more comprehensively describe this exposure and relate it to …

Humans are involuntarily exposed to hundreds of chemicals that either contaminate our
environment and food or are added intentionally to our daily products. These complex …

Toxicology is traditionally divided between human and eco-toxicology. In the shared pursuit
of environmental health, this separation does not account for discoveries made in the …

Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a wide range of chemicals that are used in a
variety of consumer and industrial products leading to direct human exposure. Many PFAS …

New approach methodologies (NAMs) that do not use experimental animals are, in certain
settings, entirely appropriate for assuring the safety of chemical ingredients, although …

The growing number of chemicals in the current consumer and industrial markets presents a
major challenge for regulatory programs faced with the need to assess the potential risks …

Animal use for testing chemicals under REACH continues to increase, despite advances in
non-animal safety science during the past 15 years. The application of modern science and …