Abstract Analysis of the genomes of two distantly related bird species, chicken and zebra
finch (divergence of about 100 million years), indicate that there are ten avian toll-like …

Coccidiosis is a ubiquitous intestinal protozoan infection of poultry seriously impairing the
growth and feed utilization of infected animals. Conventional disease control strategies rely …

CpG-DNA or its synthetic analog CpG-ODN activates innate immunity through Toll-like
receptor 9 (TLR9). However, the mechanism of TLR9 activation by CpG-DNA remains …

Similar to mammalian species, chickens show marked immunological responses to CpG
oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) both in vivo and in vitro. In mammals, the receptor for ODNs …

The heterophil is the major polymorphonuclear cell in birds with a functional capacity akin to
that of the mammalian neutrophil. Herein, we demonstrate that heterophils constitutively …

Toll-like Receptors (TLR) are phylogenetically conserved transmembrane proteins
responsible for detection of pathogens and activation of immune responses in diverse …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors that
have been identified in mammals and avian species. Ligands for TLRs are typically …

Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs), well-characterized pattern-recognizing receptors of the
innate arm of the immune system, are vital in detecting pathogen-associated molecular …

Infectious bursal disease (IBD), caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), is
characterized by severe immunosuppression in young chicks of 3 to 6 week age group …

Campylobacter infection in humans is accompanied by severe inflammation of the intestinal
mucosa, in contrast to colonization of chicken. The basis for the differential host response is …