Depression is a common and serious disorder, characterized by symptoms like anhedonia,
lack of energy, sad mood, low appetite, and sleep disturbances. This disease is very …

This review summarises the evidence that chronic low grade inflammation triggers changes
that contribute to the mental and physical ill health of patients with major depression …

The essential amino acid tryptophan is not only a precursor of serotonin but is also
degraded to several other neuroactive compounds, including kynurenic acid, 3 …

This paper reviews that cell-mediated-immune (CMI) activation and inflammation contribute
to depressive symptoms, including anhedonia; anxiety-like behaviors; fatigue and somatic …

This paper reviews the body of evidence that not only tryptophan and consequent 5-HT
depletion, but also induction of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) and the detrimental …

Background Immune dysfunction, including monocytosis and increased blood levels of
interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor α has been observed during acute …

Despite extensive research, the current theories on serotonergic dysfunctions and cortisol
hypersecretion do not provide sufficient explanations for the nature of depression. Rational …

The immune system continuously modulates the balance between responsiveness to
pathogens and tolerance to non‐harmful antigens. The mechanisms that mediate tolerance …

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that can be metabolised through different pathways, a
major route being the kynurenine pathway. The first enzyme of the pathway, indoleamine-2 …

The mitochondria have several important functions in the cell. A mitochondrial dysfunction
causes an abatement in ATP production, oxidative damage and the induction of apoptosis …