SLE is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the kidneys in about 50% of patients.
Lupus nephritis is a major risk factor for overall morbidity and mortality in SLE, and despite …

Despite marked improvements in the survival of patients with severe lupus nephritis over the
past 50 years, the rate of complete clinical remission after immune suppression therapy is< …

IL-34 is a novel cytokine that was identified in 2008 in a comprehensive proteomic analysis
as a tissue-specific ligand of CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R). IL-34 exists in all vertebrates …

The immune-regulatory cytokine IL-10 plays a central role during innate and adaptive
immune responses. IL-10 is elevated in the serum and tissues of patients with systemic …

Macrophages (Mø) are integral in ischemia/reperfusion injury–incited (I/R-incited) acute
kidney injury (AKI) that leads to fibrosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD). IL-34 and CSF-1 …

The immune mechanisms that cause tissue injury in lupus nephritis have been challenging
to define. The advent of high-dimensional cellular analyses, such as single-cell RNA …

Abstract Interleukin-34 (IL-34) is a hematopoietic cytokine that was described for the first
time in 2008 as a second ligand of CSF1R in addition to M-CSF. IL-34 and M-CSF share no …

Abstract Although IL-34 and CSF-1 share actions as key mediators of monocytes/
macrophages survival and differentiation, they also display differences that should be …

Nephritis is a common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus for which current
therapies often prove inadequate. Current lupus nephritis classification systems emphasize …

The B cell activating factor (BAFF) inhibitor, belimumab, is the first biologic drug approved for
the treatment of SLE, and exhibits modest, but durable, efficacy in decreasing disease flares …