This article presents a review of the theoretical and empirical studies of paradiplomacy
produced to date, focusing on the literature on subnational diplomacy in China, specifically …

This entry offers a brief examination of a reality that is contributing inadvertently to the
decentralization of the global diplomatic realm, namely the growing involvement of …

Funding is critical to the attainment of Aspiration 1 of the African Union (AU) Agenda 2063,
which aims to promote inclusive growth and sustainable development. However, the funds …

Purpose: This article examines state of the art or the most recent achievements of Para-
diplomacy research in international relations. For this reason, the systematic mapping …

What role can non-diplomats play in managing and altering power relations in
transboundary river basins? We answer this by investigating the lobbying efforts of …

This article situates the international activities of subnational governments in India within the
broader political economy of federalism. It argues that the nature and the extent of …

International governmental networks used to be centralized. However, the formal and
informal decentralization of diplomatic relations through local governments and regions has …

The scholarly literature on paradiplomacy has tended to focus overly on subnational
governments in federal systems rather than those in unitary and centralized countries …

This article examines the role of sub-state diplomacy, defined as the transnational linkages
of sub-national governments, in bridging the gap between foreign policy and the domestic …

The international relations of South African provinces remain the subject of scholarly debate
and criticism. The dominant literature on the subject focuses largely on the relative …