Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain a specific composition of proteins, lipids,
RNA, and DNA. They are derived from endocytic membranes and can transfer signals to …

BACKGROUND All cells, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, release extracellular vesicles (EVs)
as part of their normal physiology and during acquired abnormalities. EVs can be broadly …

Abstract Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1) plays an indispensable role in the hypoxic tumor
microenvironment. Hypoxia and HIF‐1 are involved in multiple aspects of tumor progression …

Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles of around 100 nm in diameter that are
secreted by most cells and contain various bioactive molecules reflecting their cellular origin …

Programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway
blockade is a promising new cancer therapy. Although PD-1/PD-L1 treatment has yielded …

Cancer immunotherapy has been firmly established as a new milestone for cancer therapy,
with the development of multiple immune cells as therapeutic tools. Natural killer (NK) cells …

The tumor microenvironment represents a complex network, in which tumor cells not only
communicate with each other but also with stromal and immune cells. Current research has …

Tumors are not isolated entities, but complex systemic networks involving cell-cell
communication between transformed and non-transformed cells. The milieu created by …

Humans circulate quadrillions of exosomes at all times. Exosomes are a class of
extracellular vesicles released by all cells, with a size range of 40–150 nm and a lipid …

Objective: Exosomes (Exos) are membrane-encased vesicles derived by nearly all cell types
for intercellular communication and regulation. They also received attention for their use as …