Forest canopies are important components of the terrestrial carbon budget, which has
motivated a worldwide effort, FLUXNET, to measure CO2 exchange between forests and the …

In the last two decades substantial advances have been made in the understanding of the
scientific basis of urban climates. These are reviewed here with attention to sustainability of …

Computations of channel flow with rough walls comprising staggered arrays of cubes having
various plan area densities are presented and discussed. The cube height h is 12.5% of the …

The aerodynamic effects of various configurations of an urban array were investigated in a
wind-tunnel experiment. Three aerodynamic parameters characterising arrays—the drag …

Further to our previous large-eddy simulation (LES) of flow over a staggered array of uniform
cubes, a simulation of flow over random urban-like obstacles is presented. To gain a deeper …

Large-eddy simulations (LES) are used to gain insight into the effects of trees on turbulence,
aerodynamic parameters, and momentum transfer rates characterizing the atmosphere …

This investigation focuses on the characteristics of near-bed turbulence in fully rough gravel-
bed open-channel flows. The analysis combines results obtained with the double-averaging …

It is becoming increasingly important that we can understand and model flow processes in
urban areas. Applications such as weather forecasting, air quality and sustainable urban …

Direct numerical simulations of fully-developed turbulent channel flow with irregular rough
walls have been performed at four friction Reynolds numbers, namely, 180, 240, 360 and …

Predicting infrequent and extreme wind speeds in a built environment is essential for
ensuring comfortable and safe pedestrian spaces. Recent studies have employed statistical …